Radar Basics
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Table of Content
Topic
Contents
Corresponding Terms
Historical Overview
Mathematically Basics
Learning Objectives
Preamble
used physical laws of nature
Radar Basic Principles
operating principle of a primary radar
Distance-Determination
Direction-Determination
Maximum Unambiguous Range
Minimal Measuring Range
Elevation Angle
Height
The Radar Equation
The radar equation in the practice
Frequency-diversity Radar
Radar equation of a frequency diversity radar
Accuracy
Resolution
Range Resolution
Angular Resolution
Resolution Cell
Classification of Radar systems
...depending on the different techniques
...depending on the designed use
PSR vs. SSR
Continuous- Wave Radar
ATC Radar
Fire-control radar
Air-Defense Radars
Mortar Locating Radar
„Distronic” Radar
Ground penetrating radar
Bistatic Radars
Bistatic Basic Principles
Bistatic Radar Sets
Determination of the aims position
Passive Radar
Antennas Techniques
Functions of an Antenna
Antenna Characteristics
Antenna Gain
Antenna pattern
Beam Width
Aperture
Major and Side (Minor) Lobes
Especially Antenna Beams
Beams for command guided missiles
The Conical Scan
High- and Low-Beam
Long Range- and Short Range Beam
Pencil- Beam
Antennas Techniques
Yagi Antennas
Logarithmic Periodical Antennas
Parabolic Antennas
Cosecant Squared Pattern
Cassegrain Antennas
Isotropic Radiation
Half-wave Antennas
Reflector Irregularities
Phased Array Antennas
Function
Feeding Systems
Phase Shifter
Monopulse Antennas
LVA
Electronic antennas-switches
Duplexer
Branch- Duplexer
Balanced Duplexer
Duplexer using PIN-Diodes
Diplexer
Radar Transmitters
Transmitter Requirements
Pseudo-coherent Radar
Block diagram
Modulator
Thyratron
Magnetron
Disadvantages of a pseudo-coherent radars
Fully-coherent Radar
Block diagram
Crossed-Field Amplifier (Amplitron)
Klystron
Traveling Wave Tube
solid-state Amplifier
Transmittermodules for active antennas
Waveform- Generator
Pulse Compression
Radar Receiver Technology
Requirements for Radar receivers
Superheterodyne Receiver
Invention of a Superheterodyne
Block Diagram
Image-Frequency Interferences
Double Heterodyning
Gain Control Methods
Sensitivity Time Control (STC)
Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
Logarithmic Amplifier
Dynamic Swept Gain
Noise in a receiver
Noise
Noise Figure
Noise Temperature
Automatic Frequency Control
 
Radar Signal Processing
Clutter
Concept of Coherence
Non-coherent Radar Processing
Cluttermap
„Dicke Fix” -processing
Fast Time Constant (FTC)
Doppler frequency
Doppler- Effect
Pulse-Pair Processing
Phase Comparison
Frequency Comparison
Blind Speed
Wind Compensation
Radar Signal Processing
Radar Signal Processor/ Block Diagram
I & Q -processing
Detektor
Plotextractor
Plotprocessor
Plot Combiner
Sliding Window
Data Transmission
Center of mass correlation
Time Stamp
Fast Fourier Transformation
Radar Indicators
Demands on Radar Indicators
A-scope
Block Diagram
B-scope
 
PPI-scope
Block Diagram
RHI-scope
 
Raster-scan-scope
 
Beta-scan-scope
 
Secondary Radar Technology
PSR vs. SSR
Functional Block Diagram
ICAO- Standards
Interrogation Format
The Reply Message
IFF- Side Lobe Suppression
Interrogation Path Side Lobe Suppression (ISLS)
Reply Path Side Lobe Suppression (RSLS)
Improved ISLS (IISLS)
SSR system problems: Interferences
Fruit / Defuiter
Garbling / Degarbling
The transponder no reply
Reflections
Weather Radar
Basic Principle of Operation
Weather Radar Range Equation
PSR with Weather Channel
Airborne Weather Radar
Weather Radar Components
Antenna/ Receiver
Processing Equipment
Display in the cockpit
Stabilisation (tilt and roll)
Comparative Reflectivity
„Bright Band”
Dual Polarization Radar
Block Diagram