This homepage contents following topics:

- Historical Overview Historical Overview about Radar. (Christian Hülsmeyer,James Clerk Maxwell,radar technology,radartechnology)
- Basic Principle of Operation Introduction of the chapter basic principle of operation. (primary radar,principle of operation,electromagnetic waves,speed of light,radartechnology)
- Radar Basic Principles The block diagramm and the functional principle of a primary radar. (radar principle,antenna,scope,diplexer,duplexer,transmitter,receiver,backscatter,scattering,transmitting path,receiving path,How to speak radar)
- Distance-determination The Determination of the radar range. (radar principle,speed of light,slant range,radartechnology)
- Direction-determination The Determination of the radar bearing. (azimuth angles,elevation angles,antenna,turn table,slip ring unit)
- The Radar Equation The radar equation represents the physical dependences of the characteristics of a radar set. (radar principle,argumentation,derivation,radar equation,transmit power,wave propagation,electromagnetic waves)
- Frequency-diversity Radar A frequency-diversity radar achieves a higher maximum range. (radar principle,multiple frequency radar,multifrequency radar,Frequency Agility,Frequency Diversity,influences,fluctuation,losses,jamming immunity,probability of detection)
- Accuracy The definition of the radars accuracy. (accuracy,radar unit,radar set,radio navigation)
- Range Resolution The range resolution of a radar set. (pulse width,range cell)
- Waves and frequency ranges The Waves and frequency ranges of radar sets. (spectrum,frequencies,wavebands,radar bands)
- Classification of Radar systems (1) The Radar systems classified according to specific function. (primary radar,secondary radar,pulse radars,continuous-wave radar,cw-radar,imaging radar,non-imaging radar)
- Comparison PSR vs. SSR The comparison of secondary surveillance radars versus primary radars. (radar equation,primary radar,secondary radar,transponder)
- Classification of Radar systems (2) The classification of radar units in accordance of the users request. (Air-Defense Radars,Air Traffic Control Radars,Fire-control radar,tracking radar,Airborne radar)
- Bistatic Radar Sets The design and the function of bistatic radar sets. (bistatic radar set,transmitter site, receiver site,Poldirad,DLR,spoon rest)
- Electronic Warfare The three basic types of electronic warfare. (communication,intelligence,electronic,warfare,interferences,support,counter,measures,ECCM,EPM,ECM;COMINT)
- Didactical Primary Radar (DPR) A genuine radar for using in a class room!
- Functions of an Antenna The main functions of a radarantenna. (antennae,gain,horizontal pattern,vertical pattern,rectangular-coordinate graph,polar-coordinated graph,beam with,major lobes,side lobes,minor lobes)
- Parabolic Antennae The construction and the mode of operation of parabolic dish antennae. (antenna,focal,lobes,main,minor,parabolic,pattern,point,reflecting,reflector,surface,wavepropagation)
- Cosecant Squared Pattern The antennae with cosecant squared pattern. (air-surveillance radar sets,Deriving of the term „cosecant squared pattern”)
- Cassegrain- Antennae An Overview of Cassegrain Antennae. (Guidance,Tracking,Capture,Beams,Missile,Antennae,conical,scan,convex,concav)
- Monopulse- Antennae The concept of a Monopulse Antenna. (Principle of operation,monopulse antennae arrays,calculation,aim,position,coordinates,co-ordinates)
- Feeding systems An Overview of feeding systems of phased-array antennae. (active,passive,transmission,reflection,radiation,line,serial,parallel,feeding)
- Phase shifter The construction and the mode of operation of phase shifters. (Phase shifters,detour lines,diagram forming,switch,pin-diodes)
- Duplexer Description of the function of a Duplexer in a radar set. (hybrid-ring duplexer,electronic switch,circulator,ATR tubes,PIN diodes)
- Ferrite Circulators The ferrite circulator as duplexer in a radar set. (Ferrite Devices,Ferrite Circulators)
- Branch- Duplexer The Branch- Duplexer is a radar TR-ATR duplexer in a coaxial line system. (quarter,half,wavelength,stub,spark gap,TR tube,ATR tube,duplexer)
- Balanced Duplexer The construction and the mode of operation of a Balanced Duplexer. (quarter,half,wavelength,stub,spark gap,Radar,TR tube,ATR tube,duplexer)
- PIN-Diode Switch The construction and the mode of operation of a duplexer with pin- diode switches. (radar,solid state duplexer,PIN-diode,switch)
- Radar Transmitter Description of the function of a radar transmitter. (block diagramm,rf pulses,high-power,POT,PAT,Amplitron,Klystron,Magnetron)
- Modulator Describing the functional diagram of a radar modulator switching device. (short pulses,modulator,thyratron,pulse forming network,charging diode,charging coil)
- Thyratrons Physical construction and functional describing of a gasfilled thyratron. (gasfilled tube,modulator,electronic switch)
- Magnetrons Physical construction and principle of operation of a magnetron tube. (Albert Wallace Hull,Crossed fields,Cross field oscillator,magnetic fields,electron fields,microwave oscillator)
- Fully Coherent Radar Description of the function of a fully coherent radar. (fully,coherent,radar,rf pulses,amplifier,high-power,PAT,Amplitron,power module)
- Amplitrons Description of the function of a crossed-field amplifier. (rf pulses,high-power,POT,PAT,Amplitron,crossed-field amplifier,Platinotron,Amplitron,Stabilotron)
- Klystrons Describtion of the function of the Two-Cavity Klystron and the Repeller Klystron. (Multicavity,Reflex Klystron,Reflex-Klystron,Reflexklystron,repeller Klystron,resonant cavity,velocity modulated tube)
- Traveling Wave Tubes Physical construction and functional describing of traveling wave tubes. (TWT,velocity-modulated tubestwt,microwave amplifier)
- Solid-state Transmitters The Solid state amplifier as a transmitter stage. (Solid state transmitter,Solid state amplifier,transmitter modules,ASR-E,ASR-S,power modules)
- Tx-modules for active antennae Design of transmitter modules for active phased arrays. (active phased arrays,solid state transmitter,power modules)
- Pulse Compression Description of the pulse compression as a method for recent radar sets. (pulse compression,pulsecompression,chirp radar,compression ratio,non-linear,linear,modulation,waveform,time,range,sidelobes)
- Super-heterodyne receiver The design and and mode of operation of superheterodyne radar-receivers. (mixer stage,local oscillator,IF-filter,mirror frquency)
- image frequencies The appearance of the image-frequency in superheterodyne receivers. (IF-frequency)
- Double Heterodyning The design and and mode of operation of double heterodyning receivers. (Double-heterodyne,radar basics,superheterodyne)
- Automatic Gain Control The survey of gain controls in a radar receiver. (stc,sensitivity time control,agc,automatic gain control,gtc,Gain Time Control,logarithmic amplifier,AGC,gain control,gain-control,receiver sensitivity)
- Automatic Frequency Control The construction and principle of operation of an automatic frequency control. (AFC,AFN,Varicap,frequency discriminator,local oscillator)
- Coherent channel The coherent radar signal processing. (clutter,coherence,Kohärenz,interferences)
- Coherence The concept of coherence in radar sets. (coherence,phase coherence,non-coherent,fully coherent,coherent on receive)
- Pulse-Pair Processing Describing of the method of pulse-pair processing. (pulse-pair,processing,phase-sensitive,detector,Doppler,frequency,phase comparison,Coherent Oscillator,COHO)
- Doppler Filter The moving target indication in a digital radar signal processing. (MTI- System,Clutter Doppler Filter,Zero Doppler Filter,coherence)
- FTC Fast Time Constant The mode of operation of the rain-reject wiring. (rainreject,STC,short time constant,FTC,fast time constant)
- Radar Signal Processing The design and mode of operation of a radar signal processing system. (Signalprocessing,phase sensitive detection,I&Q Phase Detector,Constant False Alarm Rate detection,CFAR detection,Plot Extractor,Plot Processor,Plot Combiner)
- I&Q- phase detector The In-phase & Quadrature Procedure using in a digital radar processing. (ADC,Analog-Digital-Converter,A/D-Converter,In-phase & Quadrature,digitalize,digital,signalprocessing,video,phase detector)
- Target detector The detection process in a digital radar processing. (plot extractor,bipolar video,unipolar video,reports,tracks)
- Plot Extractor The Hit processing functions in a plot extractor. (plot extractor,Hit Processing,Hit Processor,Declare detection,target reports,correlation process,discriminator,plot energy,radial velocity,radial speed)
- Sliding Window The sliding window process - a method of correlating hits to form a plot report. (correlation,sliding window process,range cell,pulsewidth,target detection criterium)
- Centre of Mass Correlation The centre of mass correlation - a method of correlating hits to form a plot report. (Centre of Mass,Correlation,Signalprocessing,phase sensitive detection,I&Q Phase Detector,Constant False Alarm Rate detection,CFAR detection,Plot Extractor,Plot Processor,Plot Combiner)
- Plot-processor The block diagram and the principal role of a plot processor. (radar data,bearing informationn,time stamp,weighting,target report,plot)
- Plot Combiner The second plot combiner combines primary and secondary radar plots. (Plotposition,Corellation,PR plots,SSR plots,plot analysis)
- Data transmission The radar data transmission via ASTERIX-protocol. (asterix,radar signal processor,radar signal processing,plot combiner,monitoring systems)
- Time stamp The role of the time stamp by radar signal processing. (plot correlation,tracking systems,time delay)
- A-Scope An example of ancient radar-indicator: the radar A- Scope. (A Scope,indicator,radar scopes)
- B-Scope An example of ancient radar-indicators: the radar B- Scope. (B-scope,radar indicators)
- Plan Position Indicator The description of radar PPI-scopes. (PPI-Scope,imaging radar,monitor,display,radar indicators)
- Range-Height Indicator The description of radar RHI-scopes. (height-finding search radars)
- Raster-Scan Monitor The description of a Digital Raster-Scan Monitor. (Full Data Block,computer screen)
- Beta Scan Scope The description of radar Beta Scan Scope. (ATC-radars,ASR,PAR,Precision Approach Radar)
- SSR Functional block diagram The design and mode of operation of a secondary radar. (block diagram,Secondary Radar,IFF,SIF,SSR,uplink,downlink,transponder,interrogator)
- Interrogation (Uplink) Format Uplink-Formats in Mark X Standard. (mode,code,icao,interrogator,transponder,standardisation,annex 10,identity,mark X,mark ten)
- Response (Downlink) Format SSR downlink formats in Mark X Standard. (SPI,Special Purpose Identification,emergency calls)
- Side Lobe Suppression The Side Lobe Suppression of a SSR- Antenna. (IFF,SIF,SSR,Side Lobe Suppression,ISLS,RSLS)
- Fruit SSR system problems: Fruit (SIF-PRF,defruiters,criterion)
- Garbling SSR system problems: Garbling (degarbling,closely spaced,non-synchronous,synchronous)
- Mode S The SSR Mode S as the new interrogation standard Mark XII. (Why Mode S,SSR,IFF,secondary radar,ModeS,mode S,mark twelve)
- Mode S Uplink Formats Uplink-Formats in Mark XII Standard. (SSR,IFF,secondary radar,ModeS,mode S,interrogator,uplink formats)
- Reply Encoding SSR downlink formats in Mark XII Standard. (preamble,data block,pulse position modulation)
- Weather Radar Introduction in weather radar. (meteorological,radar,weather,systems,technical principle)
- Radar Range Equation The radar range equation by weather radar. (drop diameter,Rayleigh,scattering,reflectivity)
- The „Bright Band“ The „Bright Band” problems of weather radar. (reflectivity,precipitation,snowflakes,ice,rain)
- Weather Reflectivity Table A high level weather reflectivity table. (weather,radar,forecast,rain,light,heavy,storms,hailstones,snow,ice,fog,cloud,hurricanes, tropical,tornadoes)
- Polarimetric Radar The design and mode of operation of a dual polarisation radar. (linear,polarised,signals,gematronik)
- Side Looking Airborne Radar The design and mode of operation of a Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR). (side-looking airborne radar,slar)
- Synthetic Aperture Radar The design and mode of operation of a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). (slant-range distortion,foreshortening,layover,shadowing,SAR)
- Semiconductor technology (Annex) These pages explain the semiconductor technology. (How semiconductors work)
- Theory of Transmission Lines (Annex) These pages explain the electrical characteristics of transmission lines. (How waweguides work)
- Card Index of Radar Sets (Annex) (A card index of about 200 different radar sets)
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves (Annex) Introduction to propagation of electromagnetic waves
- Metric Units (Annex)
- UK- and US- Units (Annex)